A Comprehensive Tutorial on ASP.NET MVC 5 Framework

Visual representation of ASP.NET MVC Architecture

Intro

ASP.NET MVC 5 is a powerful framework developed by Microsoft, aimed at streamlining the process of web application development. Understanding this framework is essential for developers seeking to create robust, scalable, and user-friendly applications. This tutorial provides a comprehensive guide on the fundamental and advanced topics related to ASP.NET MVC 5, from initial setup to more complex implementations.

Foreword to ASP.

NET

History and Background

ASP.NET MVC was first introduced in 2009, as an alternative to the traditional Web Forms model. Microsoft aimed to support A better separation of concerns, enabling developers to implement the Model-View-Controller pattern efficiently. This promoting test-driven development and providing handlers for different types of requests.

Features and Uses

One of the main features of ASP.NET MVC 5 includes Routing, making it really easy to configure URL paths to specific actions's controllers. It also provides excellent support for HTML5 and client-side technologies. ASP.NET MVC is widely used in the development of customizable web apps, Rest APIs and enterprise-level solutions.

Popularity and Scope

With continuing growth in the tech sector, ASP.NET MVC 5 experiences steadfast use among developers. Numerous web applications and content management systems are built using this versatile framework. Its relevancy graph continues rising, particularly for enterprise projects where maintainability and scalability are priorities.

Basic Concepts of ASP.

NET

Fundamentals of Design

The principal components of the MVC architecture - Model, View and Controller - delineate the functionality of the framework lead everything towards intuitive application management.

Components of ASP.

NET Core Framework

Model: Represents data and business logic.
View: Handles the display of data to the user.
Controller: Manages incoming requests, manipulates data, and returns appropriate responses.

This design keeps the framework organized, creating cleaner and more manageable code.

Advanced Topics

Routing Configuration

Understanding routing is pivotal in cloud applications. Here’s where the Request-Verbs comply with existing Routes.

State Management

Handling state correctly increases user experience for web applications. Knowledge about Cookies, Sessions logical enhancement here can be essential for user interface functionality.

Effective state management ensures user continuity along with efficient resource handling.

Hands-On Examples

Practical application boosts understanding significantly. It’s beneficial to start building simple MVC applications.

Simple Application Example

Initialize a Basic Project: Use Visual Studio to set your default web API.
Configure the Required Components: Inspect how Controllers operate with Views and Models.
Test Functionality: Launch the built app and interact with it to gauge functionality.

Resources and Further Learning

Recommended Learning Materials

For those serious about excelling in ASP.NET MVC 5, a selection of books, tutorials and platforms is vital.

Books: “Pro ASP.NET MVC 5” by Adam Freeman
Online Courses: Pluralsight’s tutorials could be beneficial.
Forums: Engaging in communities on platforms like reddit.com and facebook.com boosts learning and troubleshooting.

Diving deeper into ASP.NET MVC 5 aims to enlightening the aspiring developers regarding modern practice architecture and adding valuable skill set in a web-focused tech landscape.

Preamble to ASP.

NET

ASP.NET MVC 5 represents a significant advancement in the domain of web development. This framework allows developers to build robust applications using a clear separation of concerns. The MVC (Model-View-Controller) architecture serves as its foundation, which offers better organization and testability for code. With this structure in place, developers understand better how data flows through the application, how views are rendered, and how user interaction is handled by controllers.

In this section, we will cover two critical elements: a comprehensive understanding of the MVC architecture and the benefits that ASP.NET MVC 5 brings to developers.

Understanding the Architecture

The MVC architecture consists of three interconnected components:

Model: Represents the application's data and business logic. It retrieves data from the database, applies business rules, and doesn't care about rendering.
View: The presentation layer that displays the data to the user. It is responsible for the user interface, using data from the model.
Controller: Acts as an intermediary between the Model and View. It processes incoming requests, interacts with the Model, and selects a View to display.

This separation allows for more maintainable and testable code. Developers can modify the view without inaltering the model or business logic, encouraging better application organization.

Benefits of Using ASP.

NET

ASP.NET MVC 5 provides a plethora of advantages compared to traditional ASP.NET Web Forms. Some key benefits include:

Enhancements in Testability: Due to the simplicity and separation of concerns, unit testing become more straightforward. Developers can test every aspect of their application in isolation.
Flexibility: With MVC 5, custom route configurations are a possibility. This flexibility allows developers to create user-friendly URL structures that can help both SEO and user experience.
HTML5 Support: This version gives extensive support for HTML5, enabling developers to create modern web applications with flexible, responsive designs.
Enhanced Support for Dependency Injection: The introduction of new interfaces and features makes it easier to use DI containers, promoting better code practices.
Multiple Framework Options: Developers can adopt it alongside other technologies, which fosters an ecosystem of rich functionalities.

ASP.NET MVC 5 provides developers with the ability to create scalable and maintainable applications more efficiently than previous frameworks.

Code snippet demonstrating Controller in ASP.NET MVC 5

By understanding the framework's core concepts and advantages, developers gain the necessary foundation for harnessing the full potential of ASP.NET MVC 5. This includes everything from data management to deployment strategies, laying the groundwork for event more specialized discussions in upcoming sections.

Prerequisites for Learning ASP.

NET

Understanding the prerequisites for learning ASP.NET MVC 5 is essential for anyone stepping into the world of web application development. A solid foundation not only enhances the learning process but also influences how well one can navigate through the complexity of MVC architecture. This section outlines the necessary knowledge and tools, offering insights into how they benefit a learner.

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Before diving into ASP.NET MVC 5, it is important to have a grasp of key concepts that will greatly ease the learning journey. The following knowledge areas are particularly relevant:

Basic Knowledge of HTML/CSS: Familiarity with HTML and CSS is vital. Since MVC applications are web-based, understanding how markup and styling work together will allow for better control over the appearance of views.
C# Programming Language: ASP.NET is built on the .NET framework, which primarily uses C#. A working knowledge of C is crucial for writing the backend logic, interacting with models, and handling data.
Object-Oriented Programming Principles: Familiarity with key OOP concepts like inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism will help in structuring applications effectively. This knowledge aligns closely with the MVC design pattern, promoting cleaner and more maintainable code.
Database Basics: Having a basic understanding of how databases work, specifically with SQL, facilitates better comprehension of how data integrates within an MVC application through Entity Framework or similar ORM systems.

Gaining these skills can greatly improve your speed in learning and mastering MVC.

Tools and Software Requirements

The right tools and software are instrumental for anyone starting with ASP.NET MVC 5. Here’s a quick overview of what you will need:

Visual Studio: This is the primary IDE for developing ASP.NET applications. A version like Visual Studio Community is available for free and is suitable for individuals and small teams.
.NET Framework: Ensure that you have the appropriate version of the .NET Framework installed, as MVC 5 requires .NET Framework 4.5 or higher.
Web Browser: A modern web browser such as Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, or Microsoft Edge is useful for testing and debugging web applications.

In addition to these, familiarity with command-line tools can also be beneficial for managing projects efficiently.

Important Note: Before beginning your journey with ASP.NET MVC 5, make sure you are comfortable starting with these elements. Laying a strong foundation will yield better results as you delve deeper into more complex programming tasks.

Setting Up Your Development Environment

Setting up your development environment is an essential step for anyone looking to work with ASP.NET MVC 5. This setup forms the foundation of your application building process. An efficient environment provides the necessary tools and frameworks needed for writing, debugging, and testing your code.

With the proper setup, developers can achieve faster development cycles and minimize issues related to deployment later on. Additionally, organizing your workspace can significantly enhance productivity and focus, allowing you to program without distractions.

Installing Visual Studio

Visual Studio is the primary Integrated Development Environment (IDE) used for developing ASP.NET MVC applications. Its comprehensive features support design, coding, and debugging processes needed for effective application development.

To install Visual Studio:

Download Visual Studio: Visit the official Microsoft download page to get the installer for the Community, Professional, or Enterprise version based on your needs. The Community version is suitable for individual developers and small teams.
Run the Installer: Open the downloaded installer. You will find installation options.
Select Workloads: Depending on your requirements, choose the ASP.NET workload. This will ensure that you get all necessary components related to ASP.NET MVC.
Install: Click the install button and let the process complete. Visual Studio may require additional libraries, so internet connectivity is essential during installation.
Launch Visual Studio: Once the installation completes, open Visual Studio and sign in with your Microsoft account if required.

Visual Studio provides tools like IntelliSense, easy navigation, and constructors, which simplifies coding and enhances efficiency.

Creating Your First ASP.

NET Project

Once Visual Studio is installed, creating your first ASP.NET MVC 5 project involves several straightforward steps. This project will serve as your introduction to working with MVC components, such as models, views, and controllers.

Steps to create the project:

Open Visual Studio: Launch the application.
Start New Project: Click on 'File', then select 'New' and choose 'Project'.
Choose Project Template: In the dialog box, under Installed, select Visual C# then Web. Choose the ASP.NET Web Application template.
Configure Your Project: Give your project a name and choose a suitable location for its storage. Press OK to move forward.
Select MVC Template: In the next box, select the 'MVC' option. Visual Studio will configure your project with default directories (Models, Views, Controllers) and set the necessary references.
Finish Your Setup: Click on the Create button and wait for the IDE to set up your project. This process will generate a boilerplate application that you can start customizing.

Here, you have your first ASP.NET MVC 5 project ready to run.

Important Note: Always ensure your Visual Studio is updated to the latest version to leverage new features and enhancements.

By meticulously setting up your development environment and creating your first project, you pave the way for more complex applications down the road. Understanding these fundamentals helps streamline future programming tasks and solidifies essential skills for web development using ASP.NET MVC.

Core Components of ASP.

NET

The core components of ASP.NET MVC 5 form the backbone of web application development. Understanding these elements is crucial for anyone aiming to proficiently work with this framework. The primary components are Models, Views, and Controllers, often referred to as the MVC triad. Their interaction defines how data is managed, presented, and manipulated in an application, contributing significantly to the overall design structure and workflow.

Implementing a well-structured MVC architecture encourages cleaner separation of concerns. This design pattern does not only assist in better organization of code but also enhances maintainability and scalability of web applications.

Models

Models in ASP.NET MVC serve as the data definition and business logic layer. They represent the data structure and your application’s domain logic. Models interact with the database to retrieve and manipulate data. By encapsulating data and functionality, they provide a clean and efficient way to manage the application's core data entities.

For instance, a model may represent a 'Product' entity with properties like 'Id', 'Name', and 'Price'. The model is pivotal in data validation and helps ensure data integrity throughout the application.

A well-designed model promotes effective data encapsulation and enhances the reusability of code as the same business logic can be reused across various contexts.

Additionally, models communicate with controllers to facilitate data exchange. They can also inform views about the data they represent, making them a fundamental part of ASP.NET MVC 5 applications.

Views

Views are primarily responsible for rendering the user interface of an MVC application. They act as the presentation layer, displaying data to users while providing interaction functionalities. In ASP.NET MVC, views are created using Razor syntax that allows combining C# code with HTML.

This aspect enhances developer productivity, as views can be generated dynamically based on user inputs or model states.

Furthermore, views take on a critical role in ensuring the user experience is seamless. They contain the layout files that define the application look-and-feel. It’s essential that views are kept clean and simple to avoid clutter and potential confusion. Utilizing partial views and view components can significantly boost organization.

Controllers

Controllers are the intermediary between models and views. They process incoming requests, handle user inputs, and dictate the response to be sent back to the web application. Essentially, controllers orchestrate the flow of data between models and views.

When a user interacts with the application, the corresponding controller is invoked. This controller retrieves the necessary data from the model and then chooses the appropriate view to render tookerespond.

Additionally, controllers regulate how users interact with the application. They validate user inputs through actions and can send notifications for successful processes or errors arising during user actions.

Screenshot of a dynamic View rendered in ASP.NET MVC 5

Routing in ASP.

NET

Routing in ASP.NET MVC 5 is a fundamental aspect that governs how the application responds to user requests. It maps URLs to controllers and actions, ensuring a coordinated flow of information for web applications. Understanding routing helps developers create clean and RESTful URLs, which promote better usability and SEO practices. This section explores the components of routing, its benefits, and considerations essential for efficient web development.

Understanding Routes and URL Patterns

Routes define how incoming requests align with specific controllers and actions within an ASP.NET MVC application. Each route consists of a URL pattern and values that determine the route's parameters. For instance, a route template like indicates that the first segment of the URL is the controller, followed by the action name and, optionally, an identifier.

Key concepts in routes help shape a clearer and more maintainable codebase.

Default Routing: The framework employs a default route, typically set in the file. This route streamlines the creation of standard paths that users can access without requiring feed-specified parameters.
Route Constraints: These constraints define specific conditions under which a route should match for a given request. They narrow down requests based on types, values, or formats, improving performance by preventing unnecessary execution of actions.
Order of Route Evaluation: ASP.NET MVC evaluates routes in a specific order until a match is found. Proper design and validation of the route list consider this sequential check to prevent conflicts among similar routes.

Incorporating a robust routing strategy enhances the overall user experience, guiding them reliably through the website's stateful nature.

Custom Route Configuration

While using default routing is beneficial, custom route configurations offer deeper control over URL patterns. Custom routes enhance the specifics of requests within your application, shaping the interaction structure its users have with the system.

Here are steps to implement custom route configuration:

Defining Custom Routes: You can add routes in the file typically found in the folder. Specify custom patterns, providing dynamic segments tailored for areas of concern in your web domain needs.
Routing Attributes: Utilize attributes like on specific controller actions to attribute routes directly. This provides flexibility in determining how specific actions can be invoked while reducing clutter within your routing configuration.
Route Redirection and Aliases: Include redirects within your custom routes to guide users seamlessly from one pattern to another. Use custom paths as aliases to redesign what users perceive through search-engine-friendly URLs.

Custom route configurations add additional logic and facilitate unique paths that reflect real-world scenarios in user navigation, proving both user-centric design and SEO validity.

Carefully consider using routing to improve website interaction. It brings value to user experience and can enhance your effective resource ranking.

Establishing knowledge in routing engenders a powerful backbone for creating functional and engaging ASP.NET MVC applications. This section provided not only an explanation of routing mechanics but detailed tactical considerations essential to software developers looking to construct effective web applications.

Data Management in ASP.

NET

Data management is a crucial aspect of any web application development, particularly within the ASP.NET MVC 5 framework. This management focuses on how an application interacts and communicates with its datasets while ensuring that the data is stored efficiently and effectively. Understanding data management in ASP.NET MVC 5 allows developers to integrate robust functionality while maintaining performance and security of their applications.

The significance of effective data management cannot be overstated. Developers need to understand various operations like reading, creating, updating, and deleting data—often referred to as CRUD operations. Data management cultivates an understanding of intricate relationships among various entities. This concept enables developers to implement large-scale and functional applications, supporting complex data types and numerous interactions from the front-end to the back-end. The implication of successful data management often results in improved application performance and user satisfaction.

Using Entity Framework

Entity Framework is an object-relational mapper (ORM) that serves as a valuable tool for managing data in ASP.NET MVC applications. By abstracting the data access layer, Entity Framework simplifies the interaction between the object-oriented programming of C# and the relational database model, reducing boilerplate code and minimizing errors.

Key Benefits

Efficiency: Entity Frameowrk manages data through an abstraction, letting developers concentrate on higher-level programming tasks.
Maintainability: Changes to the data model can be reflected in the application with minimal updates to the codebase.
Compatibility: With strong support for LINQ queries, working with databases transforms into a more intuitive experience.

Developers can quickly define a model using Entity Framework's code-first or database-first approach. Regardless of which option is chosen, use of Entity Framework fosters streamlined database operations, increasing overall development speed and quality.

CRUD Operations

CRUD operations denote the fundamental tasks involved in persistent data management. In ASP.NET MVC 5 applications, CRUD operations commonly utilize Entity Framework for their implementation. These operations encompass:

Create: This operation involves adding new records to the database. In MVC, a post method is usually utilized to post JSON data to a specific controller and add to the database.
Read: Reading data often deals with retrieving information based on user input. MVC controllers can leverage Entity Framework's IQueryable for swift data retrieval.
Update: Updating information allows existing records to be modified either through direct user interaction or automated syndicated updates.
Delete: This operation facilitates the deletion of records from the database, freeing resources and ensuring up-to-date data.

Implementing these operations typically involves writing the corresponding controller actions. Here is an example pattern when using Entity Framework:

Understanding how to implement and optimize these CRUD operations is vital for efficient data management in ASP.NET MVC 5 applications, reinforcing the framework’s reputation for robustness and scalability. Integration task with certainty leads to smoother application performance and reinforces a clear structure, thereby streamlining future updates or expansions.

Remember that an effective data management strategy plays a critical role in application stability, offering user experience that aligns with industry standards.

Additional significances could be explored through existing literature or documentation. Check references such as Entity Framework for more information on specific usage or advanced function implementations.

Implementing Security in ASP.

NET

Security is a critical component of web applications. As developers, ignoring security considerations may lead to vulnerabilities. In the case of ASP.NET MVC 5, implementing strong security practices is essential to protect user data and maintain application integrity. This section discusses key topics related to security, focusing on relevant strategies and techniques.

Authentication and Authorization

Understanding the Concepts

Authentication and authorization are two fundamental concepts in security. Authentication answers the question: Who are you? This involves verifying user identity, often via usernames and passwords. Authorization, on the other hand, determines what you can do. It is about managing access levels and permissions once a user identity is confirmed.

Implementing Authentication in ASP.

NET

ASP.NET MVC 5 offers built-in authentication features. Developers can utilize the following:

ASP.NET Identity: This is a membership system that manages user login and roles securely. This system allows easy integration with external logins like Facebook or Google.
Forms Authentication: This traditional method can still be used with features like cookie management. Utilizing forms authentications allows for session tracking.

Integrating these features is generally straightforward. Set up the context in your application to define how users are painted to log in or register. With ASP.NET Identity, the database holds user information like passwords and roles.

Laying the Groundwork for Authorization

Authorization works after successful authentication. It limits user access based on roles or claims. Using , controller actions can grant permission only to specific users or roles. For example:

Diagram illustrating Data Handling in ASP.NET MVC 5

This code ensures only users with the

Testing Your ASP.

NET Applications

Testing is a crucial aspect of development, especially in ASP.NET MVC applications. It ensures that an application behaves as expected and meets the requirements it was built for. There are two main levels of testing that developers employ: unit testing and integration testing. Each level addresses different concerns.

Testing frameworks and libraries play a vital role in maintaining the quality of your application. Utilizing a good testing strategy enhances application reliability, aids in debugging, and improves code quality. Applications developed in ASP.NET MVC benefit from structured testing practices, which can lead to smoother deployments and updates.

Consistent testing yields fewer problems in production and enhances your application's credibility.

Prelims to Unit Testing

Unit testing is a method where individual units of code are tested in isolation. In the context of ASP.NET MVC, this typically involves testing the controllers, models, and other specific functionalities without external dependencies. The purpose is to validate that each piece of an application is functioning correctly.

In unit testing, developers write tests that automate the checking of code behavior. This process identifies errors early in the development phase, making it easier to correct them before they evolve into larger issues.

Benefits of unit testing include:

Immediate feedback: Developers receive instant visual feedback if the code does not meet expectations.
Reduction of bugs: Early identification leads to fewer bugs in production.
Documentation of code: Tests act as documentation for how certain pieces of code should behave.

Using frameworks such as xUnit or NUnit can help streamline the unit testing process. They provide the structure for writing and running tests, helping to maintain consistency across tests. Example unit test in C# looks like this:

Integration Testing in

Integration testing examines multiple components of the application working together. Unlike unit tests, which focus on single units, integration tests are concerned with ensuring diverse parts cooperate correctly and fulfill user scenarios.

In MVC 5 applications, integration testing can cover the interaction between controllers, views, and models. This process validates the integrated functionalities of the application. For instance, when a user submits a form, it tests from the controller down to the model and any database interactions.

Key areas to focus on during integration testing include:

Route configuration: Test that application routes are set up correctly.
Model binding: Verify that forms are properly binding data to model objects.
View rendering: Ensure views display the expected content based on the model.

A challenge with integration testing is that some tests can become complex or slow due to their reliance on numerous components or external resources. However, the benefits outweigh the costs as this testing boosts your application's robustness. A sample integration test can look like this:

Adopting both unit testing and integration testing will lead to a more reliable, robust ASP.NET MVC application. These practices enable you to identify and solve issues early in the development life cycle so your web applications are of higher quality and user satisfaction.

Deployment Strategies for ASP.

NET

Deployment strategies are critical in the lifecycle of an ASP.NET MVC 5 application. This stage transitions your application from a development environment to a production environment accessible to end-users. An effective deployment strategy ensures not only that your application runs smoothly but also that it is secure, easily maintainable, and scalable. Here, we discuss key considerations, benefits, and specific elements to keep in mind when deploying ASP.NET MVC 5 applications.

Preparing Your Application for Deployment

Before anything else, it's important to prepare your application properly. This includes several key steps that can impact the deployment process and its outcomes:

Configuration Settings: Make sure that any configuration settings are adjusted. This includes connection strings for databases, settings for logging, and any environment-specific configurations. Make it adaptable based on the environment (development, staging, or production).
Error Handling: Implement robust error handling that allows your application to fail gracefully. Use try-catch blocks so that users are given proper feedback during run-time errors, rather than facing abrupt crashes.
Optimization: Minimize file sizes for images and compress CSS and JavaScript files. Bundling and minification can decrease load time and improve user experience.

True performance testing allows you to identify potential load issues and rectify them before your users experience them.

Hosting Options Overview

When your application is ready for deployment, selecting an appropriate hosting option is vitally important. Different hosting solutions cater to differing needs and scenarios. Options to consider include:

Shared Hosting: Cost-effective but may offer limited performance. Consider using shared hosting for low-traffic applications or when cost is a primary factor.
Virtual Private Server (VPS): A middle ground, providing more resources than shared hosting. Suitable for moderate traffic and applications requiring higher availability.
Dedicated Hosting: This provides total control over a physical server. Useful for large applications with specific performance and configuration needs.
Cloud Hosting: Solutions like Microsoft Azure or Amazon Web Services (AWS) provide scalability and flexibility. This is ideal for applications with unpredictable traffic since you can scale resources dynamically.

Select the hosting option that best meets your specific needs. Be sure to monitor your service levels continuously after choosing a hosting provider.

Choosing the right deployment strategies can make or break your application’s success in the real market.

By thoughtfully preparing your application for deployment and carefully selecting hosting options, you increase the likelihood of a successful and seamless launch.

Resources for Further Learning

In the realm of learning ASP.NET MVC 5, having the right resources is paramount. These tools can significantly accelerate the learning process and deepen its understanding. Exploring various methods of obtaining knowledge helps in complementing the fundamental lessons acquired through initial tutorials or material. Proper resources not only enhance theoretical knowledge but also provide practical insights that are highly valuable during development.

Accessible and reliable materials should focus on several specific elements such as current technological updates, best practices, and hands-on application development. These resources offer benefits like real-world implementations and discussions (online forums, blogs) where aspiring developers can learn and share ideas.

Online Courses and Certifications

Engaging in online courses and earning certifications can solidify your expertise in ASP.NET MVC 5. Many platforms offer structured courses tailored for varying levels, from beginner to advanced. Courses often encompass quizzes and projects that provide practical experience most effective in real-world scenarios.

Some reputable options to consider include:

Coursera: Offers courses from respected universities. Courses often culminate in a certificate that can enhance your resume.
Udemy: Has numerous tutorials specific to ASP.NET MVC 5, which are frequently offered at discounted prices.
Pluralsight: Features a thorough curriculum developed by industry professionals, covering multiple foundations and advanced subjects.

These platforms can offer great insight into the minutiae of the framework. The opportunity to learn from qualified instructors can also provide an interactive atmosphere for clarification on complex topics.

Books and Documentation

Books and foundational documentation remain vital for a sustained learning experience in ASP.NET MVC 5. A well-chosen book can provide a long-term reference tool that extends beyond typical course materials, allowing incremental understanding across multiple subjects. Industry professionals often author these books, integrating both theoretical concepts and practical case scenarios, ensuring a balanced learning experience.

Recommended texts include:

“Pro ASP.NET MVC 5” by Adam Freeman and B. D. Lutz: This comprehensive book offers a detailed exploration of ASP.NET MVC 5 and practical examples.
“ASP.NET MVC 5 with Bootstrap and Modern Javascript” by The Bill Wagner: Focusing on integrations with contemporary technologies, this book consolidates front-end technology with back-end systems seamlessly.

Documentation, such as Microsoft’s official site, remains critical due to its updates on APIs and nuances associated with ASP.NET MVC. This open access provides precise definitions and guidelines accommodating users spanning novice to expert levels.

In summary, combining books and robust documentation enables a layered approach to wealth of knowledge. Becoming conversant in offline readings enables developers to troubleshoot more productively not only during development but also throughout their careers.

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